中科院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所李炯课题组继2011年在Nucleic Acids Research发表了首次实现常规小分子RNA(无修饰)的高通量非标记芯片方法后,进一步证实该方法也不受小分子RNA的3’末端甲基化影响,可以准确检测上述被修饰的小分子RNA;同时精确定量了商业化芯片中大量使用的Poly(A)聚合酶受3’末端甲基化的影响程度(甲基化小分子RNA的Poly(A)聚合酶反应效率约为常规小分子RNA的1/24)。
此外,本非标记芯片检测方法还传承发扬了检测无修饰小分子RNA的优点:1.高效识别小分子RNA末端的单碱基缺失、冗余,以及末端1-3位单碱基的差异,这对常规芯片技术而言难以实现;2.高灵敏度,检测限为20 fM,检测丰度跨4个数量级,满足生物体内绝大多数小分子RNA的检测;3.直接使用总RNA,无需预分离小分子RNA,无需样品标记,大幅度降低了检测的时间和成本。
近年来研究表明,多种小分子RNA都存在3’末端甲基化,如植物中的miRNA、siRNA、hc-siRNA(heterochromatic small interfering RNA)、ta-siRNA(trans-acting siRNA)和nat-siRNA(natural antisense short interfering RNA),昆虫中的siRNA和piRNA,动物中的piRNA。这些小分子RNA的3’末端甲基化可以使其免受细胞中多种核酸外切酶、连接酶、末端转移酶、聚合酶等可作用于核酸3’末端羟基的酶攻击,从而保护小分子RNA的稳定。这些小分子RNA的3’末端甲基化尽管没有改变核苷酸序列,却给现有的高通量检测技术(芯片技术、测序技术)带来了极大的挑战。因现有的商业化高通量检测方法大多基于酶标记或酶连接,这些酶反应都需要与小分子RNA的3’末端发生作用,而3’末端的甲基化会抑制酶反应的效率,最终导致检测结果不准确(芯片方法通常为信号假阴性,测序方法通常无法检测到)。
上述的非标记芯片检测方法不仅解决了现有商业化产品检测小分子RNA中遇到的瓶颈问题,为3’末端甲基化的小分子RNA高通量检测提供了理想的解决方案,并且能够推动甲基化小分子RNA的功能研究,为“表观遗传学”和“后基因组”研究发展做出贡献。
小分子RNA,包括siRNA(small interfering RNA)、miRNA(microRNA)、piRNA(piwi- interacting RNA)等,多次被美国《科学》杂志评为“十大科技突破”和“十大科学进展”,是当前生命科学研究的前沿热点。大量实验证据表明,这些小分子RNA几乎存在于所有的真核生物细胞中,在调控基因表达、细胞周期、生物体发育等方面起重要作用。
该工作近期发表于Analytical Chemistry杂志上,得到中科院、国家基金委及江苏省自然科学基金委的大力支持。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1021/ac301360z
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Label-Free MicroRNA Profiling Not Biased by 3′ End 2′-O-Methylation
Ye Shen, Ke-xiao Zheng, Demin Duan, Li Jiang, and Jiong Li
Accurate quantification of miRNA expression level is essential to the study of its biology, and many cutting-edge technologies have been developed to accommodate this need. Yet most of them were designed primarily for the “regular” RNAs such as animal miRNAs and may overlook the fact that plant miRNAs and many other small noncoding RNAs are 2′-O-methylated at the 3′ end nucleotide. According to our experimental data and previous reports, this structural variation is detrimental to the effectiveness of the commonly used enzymatic labeling methods, leading to strongly biased results (24-fold difference). Herein, we demonstrate that our Stacking-Hybridized Universal Tag (SHUT) microarray assay is well suited for unbiased profiling of both normal and methylated small RNA species. The detected signals of small RNAs with 2′-hydroxyl and 2′-O-methyl 3′ ends are highly consistent (no significant difference at α = 0.01 level). For specificity, the presented method edges over others by its unique ability to discriminate single-base difference at or near the 5′ end. Notably, as compared to many delicate techniques, this enzyme-free and label-free approach requires much less reagent and manipulation, benefiting the SHUT-based applications with more efficient workflow and highly reproducible results.