2012年9月3日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --科学家们假设DNA复制错误会导致三核苷酸重复(trinucleotide repeat, TNR)序列扩增,特别是在DNA滞后链的复制过程中。如果滞后链能够成功复制的话,那么就需要对冈崎片段进行加工,并将它们连接到连续链(continuous strand)上。DNA聚合酶d负责延伸冈崎片段,通过置换一个片段的末端同时延伸前面一个片段的末端来启动加工的。这种新置换的DNA片段形成一个片状结构(flap structure)。接着片状核酸内切酶1(flap endonuclease 1,即Rad27)切割这个片状结构。这种切割会产生一个切口,随后DNA连接酶I(Cdc9)封闭这个切口。
在之前的研究中,其他科学家们已揭示,Rad27和Cdc9在酵母中可能通过下调导致RNR较高频率扩增的蛋白的表达,来阻止TNR扩增。此外,错配修复复合物(mismatch repai complex, MMR)Msh2-Msh3也参与TNR扩增,这是因为抑制它们当中哪个亚基表达,会降低亨廷顿病模式小鼠中CTG和CAG重复序列扩增率。由于错错配蛋白的功能是维持基因组完整性,所以Msh2-Msh3在促进重复序列增殖中的作用在过去几年才引起科学家们的巨大兴趣。
在这项新研究中,来自美国罗切斯特大学和布法罗大学的研究人员证实在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)体内,错配修复复合物Msh2-Msh3促进CTG和CAG重复序列扩增。通过改变Rad27和Cdc9在冈崎片段加工期间形成的DNA中间物上的活性,他们进一步揭示出Msh2-Msh3促进TNR扩增的详细机制。他们利用生化方法证实在TNR存在时,Msh2-Msh3直接干扰Rad27和Cdc9对冈崎片段的正常加工,因而产生较小的增量扩增事件。研究人员说,这是首次在机制上证实在DNA滞后链复制期间,复制蛋白和修复蛋白在TNR扩增中相互作用。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.020
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Msh2-Msh3 Interferes with Okazaki Fragment Processing to Promote Trinucleotide Repeat Expansions
Athena Kantartzis, Gregory M. Williams, Lata Balakrishnan, Rick L. Roberts, Jennifer A. Surtees, Robert A. Bambara
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions are the underlying cause of more than 40 neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases, including myotonic dystrophy and Huntington’s disease. Although genetic evidence points to errors in DNA replication and/or repair as the cause of these diseases, clear molecular mechanisms have not been described. Here, we focused on the role of the mismatch repair complex Msh2-Msh3 in promoting TNR expansions. We demonstrate that Msh2-Msh3 promotes CTG and CAG repeat expansions in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, we provide biochemical evidence that Msh2-Msh3 directly interferes with normal Okazaki fragment processing by flap endonuclease1 (Rad27) and DNA ligase I (Cdc9) in the presence of TNR sequences, thereby producing small, incremental expansion events. We believe that this is the first mechanistic evidence showing the interplay of replication and repair proteins in the expansion of sequences during lagging-strand DNA replication.