德国马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所的科学家近日在《英国皇家学会会志B辑:生物科学》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences)上发表了他们的最新研究成果:催产素与野生黑猩猩维护彼此合作关系密切相关。
会相互合作的动物活得更久,并且它们的后代有更好的生存机会。人们发现,在非人灵长类动物和其它合作动物中,密集和持久的社会关系主要存在于相互有遗传关系的动物之间。但有时候,这样的合作也出现在相互之间没有亲属关系或同一性别之间。
在人类和其它合作的哺乳动物中,神经肽激素催产素(脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙的一种)在促进家庭成员和性伴侣之间的个人关系中起着关键作用。因此,马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所的凯瑟琳·克罗克福德、罗曼·维提希和同事对这一激素在野生黑猩猩之间合作关系中的作用进行了研究。
他们选择了一群生活在乌干达布顿哥森林中的野生黑猩猩作为研究对象。结果发现,催产素与黑猩猩维护合作关系密切相关。黑猩猩在与合作伙伴相互梳理毛发后,其尿液中的催产素较高,这其中遗传亲属关系或性兴趣没有起任何作用。
科学家们通过塑料袋和树叶收集了33个雄性和雌性成年黑猩猩的尿液样本,测量了这些动物在互助梳理毛发前后的催产素含量。结果表明,那些与合作伙伴进行互助毛发梳理后的黑猩猩催产素水平特别高,而这与两个动物之间是否是亲属没有关系。反之,同样一只黑猩猩和群里没有合作关系的黑猩猩进行了毛发梳理,或者根本就没进行毛发梳理,它的尿液中催产素水平就比较低。此外,研究表明,动物的性别和年龄、毛发梳理的时间以及其他因素并没有显著影响尿中催产素含量。
克罗克福德说:“我们的研究结果显示,催产素含量的增长与两个因素的组合有关,互助毛发梳理和合作伙伴关系。特别需要强调的是,亲属和非亲属合作伙伴进行互助毛发梳理后催产素含量一样高。在黑猩猩中,催产素似乎在维护合作关系上发挥了超越遗传关系的关键作用。”
维提希称:“这是首个不抽取血液测量野生动物催产素的研究。我们开发出一种方法,可以检测自然栖息地不同类型合作生活的野生哺乳动物的行为对生理测量值的影响。”通过新的方法,科学家们将来在实地调查研究中,可对个别行为,如合作或攻击,在同一荷尔蒙水平上进行相互比较。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2765
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Urinary oxytocin and social bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees
C. Crockford1,2,3,†⇓, R. M. Wittig1,2,3,†⇓, K. Langergraber3,4, T. E. Ziegler5, K. Zuberbühler1,2,6 and T. Deschner3
Animals that maintain cooperative relationships show gains in longevity and offspring survival. However, little is known about the cognitive or hormonal mechanisms involved in cooperation. Indeed, there is little support for a main hypothesis that non-human animals have the cognitive capacities required for bookkeeping of cooperative exchanges. We tested an alternative hypothesis that cooperative relationships are facilitated by an endocrinological mechanism involving oxytocin, a hormone required for bonding in parental and sexual relationships across mammals. We measured urinary oxytocin after single bouts of grooming in wild chimpanzees. Oxytocin levels were higher after grooming with bond partners compared with non-bond partners or after no grooming, regardless of genetic relatedness or sexual interest. We ruled out other possible confounds, such as grooming duration, grooming direction or sampling regime issues, indicating that changes in oxytocin levels were mediated by social bond strength. Oxytocin, which is thought to act directly on neural reward and social memory systems, is likely to play a key role in keeping track of social interactions with multiple individuals over time. The evolutionary linkage of an ancestral hormonal system with complex social cognition may be the primary mechanism through which long-term cooperative relationships develop between both kin and non-kin in mammals.