“蟑螂汽车旅馆”被放置在许多厨房碗柜、卧室壁橱或浴室橱柜的背后。但是,对于这些祸害人类居民的害虫而言,这种于上世纪80年代引入的陷阱仅仅在数年后,便丧失了对日益增多的德国小蠊的诱惑力。
研究人员很快意识到,一些蟑螂进化出了对葡萄糖的厌恶,葡萄糖是用来掩盖毒药的甜味诱饵,并且这种害虫还会将对葡萄糖的厌恶传给下一代。现在科学家已经明白了这种行为是如何进化而来的。
与其他昆虫一样,蟑螂也是通过特殊的接受器探知味道的,其接受器便是位于蟑螂口器上的毛发似的附器。这些接受器能够区分甜味和苦味,传递给蟑螂的不同信号帮助它们判断吃掉食物还是避开食物。
研究人员对捕获自实验室外的超过1000只的蟑螂以及实验室喂养的约250只蟑螂进行了研究。实验结果发现,普通的蟑螂都在欣然享受着葡萄糖和果糖,但是,厌恶葡萄糖的蟑螂只吃果糖,并会吐出葡萄糖。该研究小组将研究报告在线发表于《科学》Science杂志上。电生理记录显示,葡萄糖能够触发普通蟑螂的甜味接受器,但却会触发一些蟑螂的苦味接受器。
这种反应上的改变可能会拯救这种昆虫的生命,但是这也有其不利之处:厌恶葡萄糖的蟑螂发育和繁殖要比那些并不过分讲究饮食的同类慢很多。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1234854
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Changes in Taste Neurons Support the Emergence of an Adaptive Behavior in Cockroaches
Ayako Wada-Katsumata, Jules Silverman, Coby Schal*
In response to the anthropogenic assault of toxic baits, populations of the German cockroach have rapidly evolved an adaptive behavioral aversion to glucose (a phagostimulant component of baits). We hypothesized that changes in the peripheral gustatory system are responsible for glucose aversion. In both wild-type and glucose-averse (GA) cockroaches, D-fructose and D-glucose stimulated sugar–gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs), whereas the deterrent caffeine stimulated bitter-GRNs. In contrast, in GA cockroaches, D-glucose also stimulated bitter-GRNs and suppressed the responses of sugar-GRNs. Thus, D-glucose is processed as both a phagostimulant and deterrent in GA cockroaches, and this newly acquired peripheral taste sensitivity underlies glucose aversion in multiple GA populations. The rapid emergence of this highly adaptive behavior underscores the plasticity of the sensory system to adapt to rapid environmental change.