根据中国科技网伦敦7月8日报道,吸毒会使人精神亢奋,因为毒品会刺激大脑分泌更多的多巴胺。而英国一项新研究表明,长期吸食大麻会逐渐降低大脑分泌多巴胺的能力,影响大脑的“奖赏机制”。这一发现或许解释了为什么一些瘾君子会缺乏上进心,除了毒品外对其他许多东西都无欲无求。
多巴胺是一种神经递质,主要负责亢奋和欢愉信息的传递,因而被认为是大脑的“奖赏中心”,人们对一些事物“上瘾”也主要源于它的作用。过去科学家认为,多巴胺水平与精神病有着直接联系,精神病患者脑内多巴胺水平通常较高,而一些瘾君子在吸食大麻时会出现类似精神病的症状,科学家据此推断,长期吸食大麻的人,其大脑会分泌更多的多巴胺。
英国帝国理工学院、伦敦大学学院和伦敦大学国王学院研究人员的一项最新研究表明,上述推断是错误的。他们在最近一期《生物精神病学》杂志上发表论文称,长期吸食大麻不仅不会让大脑分泌更多的多巴胺,而恰恰相反,会逐渐降低大脑分泌多巴胺的水平。
运用PET脑成像技术,该研究小组对19名长期吸食大麻者大脑多巴胺的分泌情况进行了分析。这些志愿者首次吸食大麻是在12岁到18岁之间,他们在服用大麻时会出现类似精神病的症状,如产生幻觉或总认为自己被某种未知力量威胁。研究结果表明,这些人大脑分泌多巴胺的能力明显低于常人,且吸食大麻的时间越早,吸食量越大,大脑分泌的多巴胺越少。那些符合精神病诊断标准的吸食者的多巴胺水平最低。
帝国理工学院领导该项研究的迈克·布鲁姆菲尔德博士表示,尽管研究结果与之前推断不同,但也证实了过去的研究结果,即吸毒会改变大脑多巴胺系统。
“虽然此次研究的目标主要是那些服药时会产生精神病症状的吸食者,但我认为这一发现适用于所有长期服用大麻的人,因为并没有证据表明,精神病症状越严重,多巴胺分泌的就越少。”布鲁姆菲尔德博士说。“这或许解释了为什么一些吸食大麻的人会出现缺乏动机综合征,尽管是否出现这种症状还一直存在争议”。
缺乏动机综合征是一种精神类疾病,其主要表现为变得呆板,情感淡漠,兴趣索然,缺乏上进心,道德感丧失等。该综合征可见于分裂症、情感障碍,或经常使用大麻或其他物质的人。
此外有研究表明,那些曾吸食大麻而后戒掉的人,其多巴胺分泌水平与那些从没有服用过大麻的人相比并没有明显差异,这表明,吸食大麻对多巴胺分泌的影响是可逆的。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Biological Psychiatry doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.027
Dopaminergic Function in Cannabis Users and Its Relationship to Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Symptoms
Michael A.P. Bloomfield, Celia J.A. Morgan, Alice Egerton, Shitij Kapur, H. Valerie Curran, Oliver D. Howes
Background
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug globally, and users are at increased risk of mental illnesses including psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Substance dependence and schizophrenia are both associated with dopaminergic dysfunction. It has been proposed, although never directly tested, that the link between cannabis use and schizophrenia is mediated by altered dopaminergic function.
Methods
We compared dopamine synthesis capacity in 19 regular cannabis users who experienced psychotic-like symptoms when they consumed cannabis with 19 nonuser sex- and age-matched control subjects. Dopamine synthesis capacity (indexed as the influx rate constant ) was measured with positron emission tomography and 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-l-phenylalanine ([18F]-DOPA).
Results
Cannabis users had reduced dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum (effect size: .85; t36 = 2.54, p = .016) and its associative (effect size: .85; t36 = 2.54, p = .015) and limbic subdivisions (effect size: .74; t36 = 2.23, p = .032) compared with control subjects. The group difference in dopamine synthesis capacity in cannabis users compared with control subjects was driven by those users meeting cannabis abuse or dependence criteria. Dopamine synthesis capacity was negatively associated with higher levels of cannabis use (r = −.77, p < .001) and positively associated with age of onset of cannabis use (r = .51, p = .027) but was not associated with cannabis-induced psychotic-like symptoms (r = .32, p = .19).
Conclusions
These findings indicate that chronic cannabis use is associated with reduced dopamine synthesis capacity and question the hypothesis that cannabis increases the risk of psychotic disorders by inducing the same dopaminergic alterations seen in schizophrenia.